Silicon Tetrachloride

Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCl₄, CAS 10026-04-7) is a colorless to pale-yellow fuming liquid that reacts violently with moisture, releasing dense white fumes of hydrogen chloride. It boils at 57.65 °C and is freely soluble in anhydrous organic solvents such as benzene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. As a key silicon source, SiCl₄ is widely used in the production of optical fiber preforms, semiconductor-grade silicon dioxide, polysilicon, and organosilicon monomers. It is also employed in CVD processes for SiO₂ and Si₃N₄ thin films, as well as in the manufacture of fumed silica and silane coupling agents. Classified as a corrosive substance (UN 1818, Class 8, PG II); must be handled under dry nitrogen protection, strictly isolated from water, alcohols, and bases.

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Product Introduction

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Basic physical properties

Appearance: Silicon tetrachloride is a colorless, transparent, fuming liquid-slightly yellowish if impure-with a pungent, suffocating odor.
Melting point / Boiling point: −70°C / 57.6°C
Density: 1.48–1.483 g/cm³ (at 20°C)
Vapor density (air = 1): 5.86 (heavy vapor; tends to hug the ground)
Vapor pressure: ~23 kPa at 20°C; ~56 kPa at 37.8°C
Solubility: Soluble in benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, and CCl₄; undergoes violent hydrolysis upon contact with water or alcohols
Molecular structure: Regular tetrahedral; non-polar molecule (net dipole moment = 0)
Flammability:Silicon tetrachloride is non-flammable (classified as non-flammable under UN/ECSC standards). However, its exothermic reaction with water can cause containers to rupture, potentially triggering a secondary fire or explosion.

Industrial source

Polysilicon by-product: Production via the Siemens process generates approximately 10–15 kg of SiCl₄ for every 1 kg of polysilicon; while formerly a disposal challenge, it is now typically converted back into TCS via hydrogenation units for closed-loop utilization.
Direct chlorination: Produced by reacting silicon powder with chlorine gas at 400–500°C (Si + 2Cl₂ → SiCl₄).
High-purity processing: Industrial-grade material undergoes multi-column vacuum distillation, molecular sieve adsorption, and 0.05 μm filtration to achieve 5N, 6N, or 7N purity levels.

FAQ

Q: Toxicity and Occupational Health

A:Rat oral LD₅₀ is approximately 700–800 mg/kg (moderately toxic); inhalation LC₅₀ is approximately 1000 ppm·h;

The primary risk is HCl-induced corrosion rather than systemic toxicity: severe burns to the eyes and respiratory tract, delayed pulmonary edema (manifesting after several hours), and deep chemical burns from skin or eye contact;

GHS classification: Warning (not Danger); H314 (severe skin/eye corrosion) + H335 (respiratory irritation) + H290 (corrosive to metals)-note the absence of H330/H331 (fatal/toxic if inhaled) hazard statements, as it is not classified as a toxic gas;

No IARC carcinogenicity classification, though long-term exposure to HCl causes dental erosion and chronic bronchitis.

Q: Key Points for Handling and Storage

A: Fully sealed stainless steel system with N₂/He purging; moisture prevention is critical (SiCl₄ is more moisture-sensitive than TCS, yielding 1.33 times the amount of HCl upon hydrolysis). Store cylinders/drums in a cool, dry, well-ventilated warehouse (≤30°C); secure in an upright position; maintain residual pressure to prevent back-sucking; keep isolated (≥50 m) from water, alkalis, alcohols, amines, oxidizers, and foodstuffs. PPE: Level A chemical-protective suit and SCBA for leak handling; full-face respirator, acid-resistant (butyl) gloves, and goggles for routine inspections; bare-handed handling is strictly prohibited. Firefighting: Use dry powder, CO₂, dry sand, or dry lime; water and foam are strictly prohibited (contact with water causes violent release of white HCl fumes); cool the cylinder exterior during a fire. Leakage control: Absorb spills with dry sand or vermiculite; neutralize off-gas HCl remotely using alkaline solutions (limewater/soda solution); prevent entry into sewers.

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